Energy harnessing of multiple semi-active flapping ellipses in V-shape formation

Two-dimensional numerical simulations based on an immersed boundary method are performed for the two-foil system with varying spacings, and a staggered arrangement spacing normalized by chord length [Formula: see text] is found to be most favorable energy harnessing efficiency enhancement of nearly 40% downstream foil. By scrutinizing mean flow characteristics instantaneous wake dynamics, it revealed that convective acceleration vortex impingement in synchronized timing foil motion two primary mechanisms contribute significant improvement. Based system, V-shape formation further proposed multiple-foil verified highest up twice single